Since chlamydia can cause damage and other complications even without symptoms, regular screening is critical to make sure an infection is caught and treated early so these issues are avoided.

Frequent Symptoms

Most people who have chlamydia feel fine. Approximately 70% of women and 93% of men experience no symptoms with the infection. However, a lack of symptoms doesn’t mean the infection is not there or that it is not problematic.

Complications from chlamydia can occur much later after exposure.

Symptoms include:

Vaginal discharge/penile discharge: The most common symptom of chlamydia in women is vaginal discharge. It is usually yellowish in color, but both the consistency and color can vary. Men may have discharge from their penis that is often clear and thin, though it can also be thick, like mucus.   Pain with urination: Both men and women may note pain with urination (dysuria) due to inflammation of the urethra (urethritis), the tube that leads from the bladder to the outside of the body. A more frequent need to urinate may also occur. Pain, swelling, or itching of the penis or vulva: Redness, tenderness, swelling, or itchiness may occur around the opening of the penis in men, or on the vulva (outer part of the genitals) or vagina in women. Pain with intercourse/painful ejaculation: The cervix is the site of infection for a large majority of chlamydia cases in women. This can cause discomfort with intercourse (dyspareunia), especially with deep penetration. Pain may also be present due to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or inflammation in the fallopian tubes. Men may experience pain with ejaculation. Bleeding between periods or with intercourse: This can be due to chlamydia-related inflammation of the cervix. Abdominal and pelvic pain: Pain in the abdomen, pelvis, and back may occur with pelvic inflammatory disease. Pain or swelling in the testes: Testicular pain and swelling may occur when chlamydia travels up through the urethra in men and into the epididymis, a duct at the back of a testicle. Inflammation (epididymitis) may result. Rectal pain, discharge, or bleeding: These may occur when the rectum becomes infected with chlamydia due to transmission during receptive anal sex.

Rare Symptoms

Symptoms that are less common include:

A sore throat: Transmission of the bacteria during oral sex may cause a sore throat, pus on the tonsils, and pain with swallowing.   Right upper abdominal pain (perihepatitis): This is a condition in which the capsule of the liver (connective tissue surrounding the liver) becomes inflamed. Also known as Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome, it causes pain in the right upper portion of the abdomen. Joint pain (reactive arthritis): Symptoms of inflammation in only a few joints (oligoarthritis) combined with inflammation of the eyes and urethra may occur. This reactive arthritis is not caused by the infection. Instead, it’s due to a post-inflammatory process in which the body makes infection-fighting proteins that mistakenly target its own tissue. It most often occurs one to four weeks after exposure to the bacteria and resolves in three to 12 months. It may or may not improve with antibiotics.

Complications

The complications of chlamydia infections can be serious. These issues may affect you whether you experienced chlamydia symptoms. Such complications are largely preventable through regular screening and prompt treatment.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

Chlamydia may cause abdominal and/or pelvic pain in women when the bacterium travels up through the cervix and uterus and into the fallopian tubes and ovaries, causing PID.

The symptoms of PID may also include abdominal and pelvic pain, a gnawing type of back pain, and sometimes fever or chills.

On examination, a female may experience discomfort during a pelvic examination.

Chronic Pelvic Pain

Pelvic inflammatory disease may lead to chronic pelvic pain. This complication is common, occurring in roughly 30% of females who have had PID due to chlamydia.

Female Infertility

With PID, the infection and inflammation can result in scarring of the fallopian tubes. This scarring can block the passage of sperm into the fallopian tube, preventing fertilization and resulting in infertility.

Ectopic Pregnancy

An ectopic pregnancy, or tubal pregnancy, is a condition in which a fertilized egg implants in a fallopian tube instead of the uterus. This can occur when the fallopian tubes are scarred due to PID.

An ectopic pregnancy can be a life-threatening condition, especially if it ruptures before it is discovered.

Male Infertility

It’s not known for certain whether epididymitis due to chlamydia leads to male infertility. It may result in chronic pelvic or scrotal pain.

Pregnancy Complications

Females who have untreated chlamydia during pregnancy have an increased risk of pregnancy complications. A chlamydia test is recommended at the first obstetrician visit for all pregnant females because of this.

There is an increased risk of premature labor and the complications that accompany preterm delivery. There is also an increased risk of endometritis (inflammation of the uterus) following delivery.

Babies born to mothers who have untreated chlamydia are more likely to be small for gestational age and have a low birth weight.

Newborn Complications

When a pregnant mother has untreated chlamydia, the baby can become infected during vaginal childbirth. The two issues that can occur are:

Eye infections: Conjunctivitis (ophthalmia neonatorum) is thought to occur in almost 40% of infants born to mothers with untreated chlamydia. Symptoms such as swollen eyelids, red eyes, and a thick, yellowish discharge usually occur in the first 10 days of life. Pneumonia: This is somewhat less common, occurring in 3%–16% of infants born to mothers who have untreated chlamydia. Pneumonia most often occurs four to 12 weeks after delivery and usually begins with a cough and congestion.

It’s important to note that if a mother is treated for chlamydia before or during pregnancy, the baby should be safe from these infections. For those who are high risk, some obstetricians recommend repeat screening for chlamydia during the third trimester.

Rectal Scarring and Fissures

Rarely, inflammation of the rectum (proctitis) may lead to scarring and fissures, abnormal passageways from the rectum to another region or outside of the body.

Cervical Cancer Risk

There has been controversy over whether chlamydia infections might increase the risk of cervical cancer caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV).

It’s thought that the inflammation of the pelvic organs related to chlamydia enhances the cancer-causing changes caused by HPV. That said, it’s important to note that, in general, HPV infection is primarily to blame for the development of cervical cancer—not chlamydia. 

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Risk

Chlamydia infections (as well as other sexually transmitted infections, STIs) may also increase the risk of becoming infected with or transmitting HIV.

The reasons for this are two-fold:

First, the infection can cause genital inflammation that can undermine the integrity of the mucosal tissue that lines the vagina, cervix, urethra, and rectum. This provides HIV a more direct route into the bloodstream and lymphatic system.

Secondly, an active chlamydia infection can increase HIV viral activity around the genitals. When this happens, a person can potentially have an undetectable viral load on a blood test but a detectable viral load in semen or vaginal secretions.

Some studies have suggested that chlamydia infections have been noted in as many as 15% of men who have sex with men (MSM) newly infected with HIV.

Lymphogranuloma Venereum

Unlike the more common subtypes of Chlamydia trachomatis that cause infections, there are some (L1, L2, and L3) that can cause a more severe syndrome known as lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV).

It involves systemic symptoms and lymph node swelling that can sometimes be confused with that due to other diseases, like syphilis.

The treatment course for LGV variations is significantly longer than that of others.

Symptoms include:

Enlarged, tender lymph nodes in the groin (inguinal nodes)Fever and chillsAn open sore on the genitalia (genital ulcer) at the site where the bacteria entered the bodyMuscle aches

Complications can occur many years later due to damage to the lymphatic system in the groin.

Trachoma

As the leading cause of blindness worldwide, trachoma is not an STI but an infection that is transmitted via secretions from the eyes or nose. It usually begins with redness and a condition in which the eyelashes turn inward and scratch the cornea.

Trachoma is caused by different types of Chlamydia trachomatis than genital infections. It is more often a complication in developing countries.

When to See a Healthcare Provider

It’s important to talk to your healthcare provider if you have any signs or symptoms of chlamydia, any other symptoms that concern you, or if you know or think you’ve been exposed to the infection.

Screening for other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is important as well, as the risk factors for chlamydia also increase the likelihood of contracting these other infections. If you are treated for chlamydia, be sure to tell your healthcare provider if any symptoms persist.

A Word From Verywell

It can be hard to read about the potential complications of chlamydia, but many of these are preventable with appropriate screening. Speak to your healthcare provider about any symptoms and get treatment if you are positive. Our Doctor Discussion Guide below can help start that conversation with a healthcare professional.

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Penile discharge that can range from clear and thin to mucus-like and thickBurning during urinationAbdominal and pelvic painSwelling or pain in the testesRectal pain